Deportation

اخراج

(Wikipedia) - Deportation means the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. Today it often refers to the expulsion of foreign nationals whereas the expulsion of nationals is called banishment, exile, or penal transportation. Deportation is an ancient practice: Khosrau I, Sassanid King of Persia, deported 292,000 citizens, slaves, and conquered people to the new city of Ctesiphon in 542 C.E.. England deported religious objectors and criminals to America in large numbers before 1776, and transported them to Australia between 1788 and 1868. Deportation Not to be confused with extradition.

Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. Today the expulsion of foreign nationals is usually called deportation, whereas the expulsion of nationals is called banishment, exile, or penal transportation. Deportation is an ancient practice: Khosrau I, Sassanid King of Persia, deported 292,000 citizens, slaves, and conquered people to the new city of Ctesiphon in 542 C.E. Britain deported religious objectors and criminals to America in large numbers before 1776, and transported them to Australia between 1788 and 1868.

Contents 1 Military occupation 2 External deportation 3 Internal deportation 4 Deportation in the Holocaust 5 Soviet deportations 6 2010-ongoing French Romani 'repatriation' 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References

Military occupation

Article 49 of Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits the deportation of people into or out of occupied territory under belligerent military occupation:

Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.

External deportationGermans being deported from the Sudetenland in the aftermath of World War II

All countries reserve the right of deportation of foreigners, even those who are longtime residents. In general, foreigners who have committed serious crimes, entered the country illegally, overstayed their visa, or otherwise lost their legal status to remain in the country may be administratively removed or deported.

In many cases, deportation is generally done either by the government's executive apparatus, and as such is often subject to a simpler legal process (or none), with reduced or no right to trial, legal representation or appeal due to the subject's lack of citizenship. For example, in the 1930s, more stringent enforcement of immigration laws were ordered by the executive branch of the U.S. government which led to the removal of up to 2 million Mexican nationals from the United States. In 1954, the executive branch of the U.S. government implemented Operation Wetback, a program created in response to public hysteria about immigration and immigrants. Operation Wetback led to the deportation of nearly 1.3 million Mexicans from the United States.

Already in natural law of the 18th century it was agreed upon that expulsion of a nation from the territory which it inhabits is not allowable. Article 18 of the United Nations' Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind declares "large scale" arbitrary or forcible deportation to be a crime against humanity.

Deportation often requires a specific process that must be validated by a court or senior government official. It should therefore not be confused with administrative removal, which is the process of a country refusing to allow an individual to enter that country.

Internal deportationStriking miners and others being deported at gunpoint from Lowell, Arizona, on July 12, 1917, during the Bisbee Deportation.

Deportation can also happen within a state, when (for example) an individual or a group of people is forcibly resettled to a different part of the country. If ethnic groups are affected by this, it may also be referred to as population transfer. The rationale is often that these groups might assist the enemy in war or insurrection. For example, the American state of Georgia deported 400 female mill workers during the Civil War on the suspicion they were Northern sympathizers.

During World War II, Volga Germans, Chechens, Crimean Tatars and others in the Soviet Union were deported by Joseph Stalin (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union), with some estimating the number of deaths from the deportation to be as high as 1 in 3. The European Parliament recognized this as an act of genocide on February 26, 2004. After World War II approximately 50,000 Hungarians were deported from South Slovakia by Czechoslovak authorities to the Czech borderlands in order to alter the ethnic composition of South Slovakia. Many Japanese and Japanese Americans on the West Coast, as well as other Italian American and German American families were forcibly resettled in internment camps inside the United States of America by President Franklin Roosevelt.

In the 19th century, the federal government of the United States (particularly during the administration of President Andrew Jackson) deported numerous Native American tribes. The most infamous of these deportations became known as the Trail of Tears. American state and local authorities also practiced deportation of undesirables, criminals, union organizers, and others. In the late 19th and early 20th century, deportation of union members and labor leaders was not uncommon during strikes or labor disputes. For an example, see the Bisbee Deportation.

Deportation in the HolocaustPeople being deported during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

Nazi policies openly deported homosexuals, Jews, Poles, and Roma from their native places of residence to extermination camps or concentration camps set up at a considerable distance from their original residences. This was the policy known as the "Final Solution". The euphemism "deportation", occurring frequently in accounts of the Holocaust in various locations, thus means in effect "sent to their deaths" — as distinct from deportations in other times and places.

Soviet deportations

Deportations were used as a part of the Soviet Union's attempts, along with instituting the Russian Language as the only working language and other such tactics, at russification of its occupied territories (such as the Baltic nations and Bessarabia). In this way areas were depopulated of their ethnic populations and repopulated with Russian nationals. The people deported were sent to remote, scarcely populated, resettlements or to GULAG labour camps. It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected some 6 million people. Of these, some 1 to 1.5 million perished as a result.

2010-ongoing French Romani 'repatriation'

In 2010 the French government commenced the programme of Roma deportation. Deportations have been heavily criticised by many bodies. The Council of Europe has condemned the expulsion calling it "discriminatory" and "contrary to human dignity".

France continues to deport Roma. Those who leave France receive 300 euros and each Roma child is given 100 euros. The Roma deported are all asked to sign a declarations that they would never return to France. On 9 August 2011, the city of Marseilles in southern France forcibly evicted 100 Roma people via a municipal order who had settled in a makeshift camp near Porte d’Aix. 24 hours were given to residents of the camp to demolish their residences and leave. Reportedly a chartered flight carrying approximately 150 Roma left the Lyons area on 20th September. France’s goal for 2011 is to deport 30,000 Roma back to their home country.

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